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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Growing Neural Stem Cells from Conventional and Nonconventional Regions of the Adult Rodent Brain
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Embryonic Origin of Postnatal Neural Stem Cells.

Luis C Fuentealba1, Santiago B Rompani2, Jose I Parraguez1

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

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|June 20, 2015
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Summary

Mouse neural stem cells (B1 cells) are specified early in embryonic development, influencing olfactory bulb neuron generation. These cells remain dormant until postnatal reactivation, revealing crucial lineage relationships.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Adult neural stem/progenitor (B1) cells in lateral ventricles generate olfactory bulb neurons.
  • B1 cell location dictates the types of olfactory bulb neurons produced.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental origins and lineage relationships of mouse B1 cells.
  • To determine the timing of B1 cell specification and their connection to embryonic progenitors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a retroviral library with over 100,000 genetic tags for lineage tracing.
  • Analyzed B1 cell precursors during embryonic development (E11.5-E15.5) and postnatal stages.

Main Results:

  • Majority of B1 cell precursors generated between embryonic days 13.5-15.5; remain quiescent until postnatal reactivation.
  • B1 cells share a common progenitor with embryonic cortical, striatal, and septal cells, but this link is lost before E15.5.
  • Regional specification of B1 cells is evident by E11.5, linked to forebrain neuron production.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrates early embryonic regional specification of postnatal neural stem cells.
  • Reveals a transient lineage relationship between B1 cells and embryonic progenitor cells.
  • Highlights the importance of developmental timing in neural stem cell fate determination.