Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

MAD-MT Score: A Tool to Optimize Patient Selection for Mechanical Thrombectomy in Distal Vessel Occlusions.

Stroke·2026

Same author

Management of Patients at Risk of Ischemic Stroke With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in the Absence of Intracardiac Thrombus: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

Stroke·2026

Same author

Development and External Validation of an Electronic Health Record-Derived Model for 30-Day Periprocedural Ischemic Stroke.

Journal of the American Heart Association·2026

Same author

Creation of a Merged Harmonized Large Database of Subject-Level Data from Acute Secondary Prevention Studies in Minor Non-Cardioembolic Stroke or TIA.

International journal of cerebrovascular disease and stroke·2026

Same author

Interaction of Ethnicity and Arrival Method on Thrombectomy Delay: The Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology Collaboration.

Stroke (Hoboken, N.J.)·2026

Same author

Validation of remote multimodal AI screening for Parkinson disease across diverse settings.

Communications medicine·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 9, 2026

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

Rapidly progressive dementia with hypoglycorrhachia.

James E Siegler¹, Dina A Jacobs¹, Defne Amado¹

¹Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia

|June 23, 2015

Summary

This case study explores rapidly progressive dementia and low cerebrospinal fluid glucose (hypoglycorrhachia). Early diagnosis is crucial for managing this challenging neurological condition.

Keywords:

Cerebrospinal fluid Dementia Diagnostics Hypoglycorrhachia

More Related Videos

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Published on: October 23, 2020

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 9, 2026

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Using Retinal Imaging to Study Dementia

Published on: November 6, 2017

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Behavioral Assessment of Visual Function via Optomotor Response and Cognitive Function via Y-Maze in Diabetic Rats

Published on: October 23, 2020

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

Neurology
Neuroscience
Medical Diagnostics

Background:

Rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) presents a diagnostic challenge due to its swift progression and potential for poor prognosis.
The differential diagnosis for RPD is extensive, encompassing degenerative, infectious, toxic, and neoplastic causes.

Observation:

A case of a woman with RPD and hypoglycorrhachia is presented.
Clinical evaluation, including history and physical examination, aids in narrowing the differential diagnosis.

Findings:

Diagnostic workup often necessitates advanced imaging like gadolinium-enhanced MRI and electroencephalography.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, including testing for 14-3-3 antigen and tau, is vital for identifying specific etiologies.

Implications:

Prompt and accurate diagnosis of RPD is essential for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.
Understanding the diagnostic utility of various tests aids clinicians in managing complex neurological presentations.