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Katrin Riedl1, Keith Jensen2, Josep Call3

  • 1Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.

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Children as young as three demonstrate a sense of justice, intervening in harm to others. This early development of third-party punishment is crucial for human cooperation and social norms.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Evolutionary Anthropology

Background:

  • Third-party punishment is a key human mechanism for cooperation, unlike in chimpanzees.
  • Development of children's sense of justice and norm enforcement is not well understood.
  • Previous research shows children respond to norm violations and punish harmful behavior by age six.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the earliest developmental emergence of third-party punishment in children.
  • To explore the motivations behind children's sense of justice.
  • To test whether young children intervene in harm to others when not personally affected.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: 3- and 5-year-olds chose to remove items to prevent puppet reward for second- and third-party violations.
  • Experiment 2: 3-year-olds were given options to restore items or punish.
  • Children's interventions were compared when personally affected versus third-party scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Children intervened in third-party violations as readily as in personally affected scenarios.
  • Young children did not differentiate between sources of harm to the victim.
  • When given a choice, 3-year-olds preferred restoration over punitive removal.

Conclusions:

  • A sense of justice focused on victim harm emerges very early in childhood.
  • Third-party interventions are an early-developing mechanism supporting human cooperation.
  • Findings highlight the foundational role of justice in early social development.