Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

3.1K
MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
3.1K
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

1.9K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.9K
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

4.4K
The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
4.4K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

17.5K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
17.5K
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

2.1K
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
2.1K
Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

1.2K
Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A fully human pan VL9 HLA-E TCRm antibody enables functional dissection of HLA-E biology and checkpoint signaling.

iScience·2026
Same author

The murine MHC-E molecule Qa-1<sup>b</sup> is surface displayed in a peptide-free conformation in homeostasis.

Frontiers in immunology·2026
Same author

Revealing the complexity of the epicardial secretome.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Pyroglutamation of cell surface proteins CD47 and TRP1 by glutaminyl cyclase modulates therapeutic antibody binding.

Communications biology·2025
Same author

TEIPP-vaccination in checkpoint-resistant non-small cell lung cancer: a first-in-human phase I/II dose-escalation study.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Site-directed multivalent conjugation of antibodies to ubiquitinated payloads.

Nature biomedical engineering·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
12:09

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

10.4K

Alternative Antigen Processing for MHC Class I: Multiple Roads Lead to Rome.

Cláudia C Oliveira1, Thorbald van Hall1

  • 1Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands.

Frontiers in Immunology
|June 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Discover alternative antigen processing pathways that bypass the proteasome and TAP transporter, revealing hidden T-cell epitopes (TEIPPs) crucial for immunity. These unconventional routes, including signal peptide peptidase, offer new insights into immune surveillance.

Keywords:
CD8 T cellsER-associated degradationT cell epitopes associated with peptide processingautophagypeptide loading complextransporter associated with antigen processingtumor immunology

More Related Videos

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous &#946;2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

6.9K
Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

8.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
12:09

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

10.4K
Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous &#946;2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

6.9K
Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

8.7K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The conventional pathway for antigen processing involves proteasomal degradation and TAP transporter for MHC class I presentation.
  • TAP-deficient individuals remain protected from viral infections, indicating the existence of alternative antigen processing pathways.
  • These alternative pathways present TAP-independent peptides, including T-cell epitopes associated with impaired peptide processing (TEIPPs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore and characterize alternative, TAP-independent antigen processing pathways.
  • To identify novel T-cell epitopes (TEIPPs) presented through unconventional routes.
  • To investigate the role of enzymes like signal peptide peptidase (SPP) in TAP-independent antigen processing.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of TAP-independent peptides presented by MHC class I molecules.
  • Analysis of peptide liberation mechanisms, including proteasomal, metalloprotease, and signal peptide peptidase (SPP) activity.
  • Investigation of alternative peptide routing pathways such as unfolded protein response, ER-associated degradation, and autophagy.

Main Results:

  • Multiple viral and endogenous TAP-independent peptides are presented by MHC class I alleles.
  • TEIPPs, derived from housekeeping proteins, are presented via TAP-independent pathways, some requiring proteasome/metalloprotease activity.
  • Signal peptide peptidase (SPP) liberates a C-terminal peptide of Trh4, demonstrating its role in generating TAP-independent peptides.

Conclusions:

  • Alternative antigen processing pathways are critical for cellular immunity, particularly in the absence of TAP.
  • TEIPPs represent a significant repertoire of self-antigens presented through unconventional routes.
  • Enzymes like SPP and potentially its family members are key players in generating TAP-independent peptides, expanding our understanding of antigen processing.