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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

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Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
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Chicken or the egg: Warburg effect and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Deniz Senyilmaz1, Aurelio A Teleman1

  • 1German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Germany.

F1000Prime Reports
|June 23, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Cancer cells exhibit altered energy metabolism, relying more on glycolysis than mitochondrial respiration. This review explores the causes and consequences of these metabolic shifts in cancer.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cellular Metabolism
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cancer cells exhibit significant alterations in energy metabolism compared to normal cells.
  • The Warburg effect, observed over a century ago, describes cancer cells' reliance on glycolysis for energy production.
  • Debate continues regarding whether mitochondrial dysfunction causes increased glycolysis or vice versa in cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the alterations in glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, and the Krebs cycle in cancer cells.
  • To elucidate the causal relationships and consequences of these metabolic changes in cancer development.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of cancer cell metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cancer metabolism.

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  • Analysis of research on glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, and the Krebs cycle in cancer.
  • Synthesis of findings to discuss cause and consequence.

    • Main Results:

    • Cancer cells demonstrate significant reprogramming of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration.
    • Alterations in pyruvate metabolism and the Krebs cycle are characteristic of cancer cells.
    • The interplay between glycolysis and mitochondrial function in cancer is complex and multifaceted.

    Conclusions:

    • Altered energy metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, involving significant changes in glycolysis and mitochondrial pathways.
    • Understanding these metabolic alterations is crucial for developing targeted cancer therapies.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the cause-and-effect relationships in cancer metabolism.