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Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium01:11

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Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is...
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Constructal thermodynamics combined with infrared experiments to evaluate temperature differences in cells.

Umberto Lucia1, Giuseppe Grazzini2, Bartolomeo Montrucchio3

  • 1Dipartimento Energia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.

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Summary

Normal and immortalized cells show different energy flows when stimulated. Infrared thermography can detect these thermal differences, distinguishing cell types by their heat dissipation patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Understanding energy flow differences between normal and immortalized cells is crucial.
  • Environmental stimulation can alter cellular energy dynamics.
  • Constructal law provides a thermodynamic framework for analyzing biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate energy flow differences between normal and immortalized cells under environmental stimulation.
  • To investigate the role of constructal thermodynamic principles in cellular energy transfer.
  • To experimentally validate theoretical predictions using electromagnetic field exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Application of constructal thermodynamic theory to cellular systems.
  • Experimental exposure of normal and immortalized cells to electromagnetic fields.
  • Measurement of heat dissipation using infrared thermography to assess internal energy variations.

Main Results:

  • Theoretical calculations predicted amplified temperature differences between cell types due to external field interactions.
  • Experimental data confirmed distinct thermal dispersion patterns in normal versus immortalized cells exposed to electromagnetic fields.
  • Infrared thermography successfully detected variations in heat dissipation, correlating with cell type.

Conclusions:

  • Cell/environment interactions, particularly with electromagnetic fields, can enhance observable differences in cell behavior, specifically heat dissipation.
  • Infrared thermography is an effective method for discriminating thermal dispersion patterns.
  • This technique can distinguish between normal and transformed cell phenotypes based on thermal characteristics.