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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Related Experiment Video

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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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[Olfactory function in patients with Alzheimer' disease].

Huanxin Yu, Wei Hang, Jinling Zhang

    Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi = Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
    |June 25, 2015
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    Summary

    Alzheimer's disease patients have smaller olfactory bulb volumes and reduced olfactory function compared to healthy individuals. Olfactory bulb volume correlates with olfactory function, suggesting it may be an early diagnostic indicator for Alzheimer's disease.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Neuroimaging
    • Olfactory Research

    Background:

    • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder.
    • Olfactory dysfunction is frequently observed in AD patients.
    • The olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory sulcus (OS) are key structures in the olfactory pathway potentially affected in AD.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the relationship between olfactory bulb volume, olfactory sulcus depth, and olfactory function in Alzheimer's disease patients.
    • To determine if structural changes in the OB and OS correlate with olfactory performance in AD.

    Main Methods:

    • Fifty patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and 50 healthy controls were recruited.
    • Olfactory function was assessed using T&T olfactory testing.
    • Olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth were measured using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).

    Main Results:

    • Alzheimer's disease patients exhibited significantly poorer olfactory function compared to the control group.
    • A statistically significant reduction in bilateral and average olfactory bulb volumes was observed in AD patients versus controls.
    • No significant difference in olfactory sulcus depth was found between AD patients and controls.
    • Olfactory discrimination threshold was negatively correlated with average olfactory bulb volume in AD patients.

    Conclusions:

    • Olfactory bulb volume is reduced in Alzheimer's disease patients and correlates with olfactory function.
    • Olfactory sulcus depth does not show significant changes or correlation with olfactory function in AD.
    • Olfactory loss may serve as an early and objective diagnostic marker for Alzheimer's disease.