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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
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The direct motor pathways, also known as the pyramidal tracts, are a group of neural pathways that originate in the brain and descend through the spinal cord. They control the voluntary movement of the body. There are two major direct motor pathways: the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts.
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The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Somatosensation01:33

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

In Vivo Wireless Optogenetic Control of Skilled Motor Behavior
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Is one motor cortex enough for two hands?

Simona Fiori1, Martin Staudt2,3, Kerstin Pannek4

  • 1IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy.

Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
|June 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how one brain hemisphere can control both hands, enabling normal hand function despite early left brain injury. This demonstrates unique neural reorganization and motor recovery mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Neuroplasticity

Background:

  • Mirror movements typically involve bilateral motor cortex activation.
  • Understanding the neural basis of motor control is crucial for rehabilitation.

Observation:

  • A patient exhibited mirror movements controlled by a single (right) brain hemisphere, with normal hand function.
  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation showed right motor cortex control over both hands; the left hemisphere showed no response.

Findings:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tractography revealed sensorimotor dissociation and asymmetric corticospinal projections.
  • Evidence suggests neural reorganization occurred following an early unilateral left brain lesion.

Implications:

  • This case provides the first evidence of functional hand use with ipsilateral corticospinal reorganization.
  • It highlights potentially unexplored mechanisms underlying motor recovery and neuroplasticity after brain injury.