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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
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Site-specific DNA Inversion by Serine Recombinases.

Reid C Johnson

    Microbiology Spectrum
    |June 25, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Site-specific DNA inversion, mediated by serine recombinases, controls bacterial and phage surface molecule alterations. This process, regulated by the Fis/enhancer system, ensures population adaptability and expanded host ranges.

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    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Microbiology

    Background:

    • Reversible site-specific DNA inversion reactions are crucial in bacteria and viruses, regulating surface molecule expression.
    • These programmed DNA rearrangements occur at low frequencies, enabling adaptation to environmental changes or expanded phage host ranges.
    • Dedicated recombinases, not general recombination machinery, catalyze these inversions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To discuss site-specific DNA inversion reactions mediated by serine recombinase enzymes.
    • To focus on Fis/enhancer-dependent serine DNA invertases and those found in Bacteroides.
    • To explore mechanistic studies of Hin and Gin invertases and the Fis/enhancer regulatory system.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of biological features and general properties of inversion reactions.
    • In-depth mechanistic studies of Hin and Gin invertase-catalyzed reactions.
    • Analysis of the formation of the active recombination complex (invertasome) and DNA strand exchange.

    Main Results:

    • Detailed understanding of the Fis/enhancer regulatory system's function in serine DNA inversion.
    • Elucidation of invertasome formation involving recombinase tetramers and Fis/enhancer elements.
    • Explanation of DNA strand exchange via rotation of synapsed subunit pairs within the invertasome.

    Conclusions:

    • Site-specific DNA inversion is a key mechanism for biological regulation in prokaryotes.
    • The Fis/enhancer system plays a critical role in controlling DNA inversion, favoring it over deletion or intermolecular recombination.
    • DNA topological forces, in conjunction with the Fis/enhancer element, dictate the specificity of these inversion reactions.