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Related Concept Videos

Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Mutator and MULE Transposons.

Damon Lisch1

  • 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.

Microbiology Spectrum
|June 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Mutator system in maize, a highly mutagenic transposable element (TE), rapidly generates mutants and serves as a model for Class II transposons. Its epigenetic silencing mechanisms and impact on plant genome evolution are key research areas.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant genetics
  • Molecular biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The Mutator system is a highly mutagenic family of transposable elements (TEs) in maize.
  • These transposons transpose at high rates and target genic regions, rapidly generating new mutants.
  • Mutator serves as a favored tool for forward and reverse mutagenesis in maize.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biology, regulation, evolution, and uses of the Mutator transposon system.
  • To emphasize recent developments in understanding TE recognition and epigenetic silencing.
  • To highlight recent evidence on the impact of Mu-like elements (MULEs) on plant genome evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Mutator system.
  • Analysis of epigenetic silencing mechanisms.
  • Examination of MULEs' role in plant genome evolution.

Main Results:

  • Mutator system's high mutagenicity and utility in maize genetics.
  • Insights into heritable silencing of autonomous Mutator elements.
  • Evidence of MULEs significantly impacting plant genome evolution.

Conclusions:

  • The Mutator system is a valuable tool for genetic research and understanding transposon behavior.
  • Epigenetic silencing mechanisms are crucial for regulating active transposons.
  • Mu-like elements have played a significant role in shaping plant genomes over evolutionary time.