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Related Concept Videos

Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

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Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
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Treatment strategies for poisoning are a critical aspect of emergency medicine, focusing on preventing the absorption of toxins and enhancing their elimination. When a poisoning incident occurs, the first response is to halt exposure and decontaminate the patient, particularly through gastrointestinal (GI) methods if the poison was ingested.Gastrointestinal Decontamination Techniques:Activated charcoal is the cornerstone of GI decontamination. It works through adsorption, binding the toxin to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

A Model for Epilepsy of Infectious Etiology using Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus
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Toxic leucoencephalopathy after 'chasing the dragon'.

Rajinder Singh1, Monica Saini2

  • 1National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.

Singapore Medical Journal
|June 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study reports a rare case of delayed toxic leucoencephalopathy (TLE) in a patient abusing heroin via inhalation in Southeast Asia. The condition presented with unusual cerebellar sparing, highlighting a unique manifestation of TLE.

Keywords:
chasing the dragonleucoencephalopathytoxic

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Toxicology
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Toxic leucoencephalopathy (TLE) is a rare neurological complication associated with heroin abuse.
  • Heroin inhalation, termed 'chasing the dragon,' is prevalent in Southeast Asia, yet TLE cases are seldom reported from this region.

Observation:

  • A middle-aged man with polysubstance abuse history presented with progressive neurological decline.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse leucoencephalopathy with cerebellar sparing, initially mimicking iatrogenic parkinsonism.

Findings:

  • The patient's history of recent inhalational heroin abuse led to a diagnosis of TLE.
  • No improvement was observed with dopaminergic agent treatment.

Implications:

  • This case represents the first documented instance of delayed TLE following heroin inhalation from Southeast Asia.
  • The unusual cerebellar sparing in this case expands the known spectrum of TLE presentations.
  • Further research is needed to understand the geographical and clinical variations in TLE associated with heroin abuse.