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Related Concept Videos

Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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Related Experiment Video

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RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
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Transposable Element Insertions in Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNA Genes.

Sivakumar Kannan1, Diana Chernikova2, Igor B Rogozin1

  • 1National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|June 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) significantly contribute to the evolution of long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) genes in mammals. These mobile genetic sequences are abundant in lincRNA structures, driving their rapid functional diversification.

Keywords:
exaptationjunk DNAlong non-coding RNAmobile elementsmolecular domesticationrepetitive elements

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Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are pervasive in mammalian genomes.
  • TEs are recognized as drivers of genomic evolution through novel regulatory and coding sequences.
  • Long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) play crucial roles in gene regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically assess the contribution of TEs to the structural and regulatory evolution of lincRNA genes.
  • To compare TE content in lincRNA genes with protein-coding genes.
  • To investigate the relationship between TE content and lincRNA evolutionary rates.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of human and mouse lincRNA gene regions (introns, exons, promoters).
  • Quantification and characterization of transposable element-derived sequences (TES).
  • Correlation analysis between TES content and lincRNA evolutionary rates.

Main Results:

  • Introns of lincRNA genes exhibit the highest percentage of TE-derived sequences (TES), followed by exons and promoters.
  • TE density is similar in exons and promoters, but ancient TEs are more frequent in these regions, suggesting early lincRNA evolution.
  • lincRNA genes possess substantially higher TES content than protein-coding genes, particularly in exons and promoters.
  • A positive correlation exists between TE content and lincRNA evolutionary rate, indicating preferential fixation in rapidly evolving genes.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements have substantially shaped the origin, evolution, and functional diversification of lincRNA genes.
  • The findings support the 'repeat insertion domains of lncRNAs' hypothesis.
  • TEs are key contributors to the rapid functional adaptation of lincRNAs in mammalian genomes.