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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
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Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Measles in Canada Between 2002 and 2013.

Gaston De Serres1, Shalini Desai2, Amanda Shane2

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Canada has maintained measles elimination between 2002 and 2013, but high rates of unvaccinated individuals and imported cases pose ongoing risks. Continued efforts are crucial to sustain measles-free status and prevent outbreaks.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Disease Surveillance

Background:

  • Canada committed to measles elimination by 2000.
  • Sustaining measles elimination requires ongoing surveillance and intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the epidemiology of measles in Canada from 2002 to 2013.
  • To assess the implications for sustaining measles elimination.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of confirmed measles cases reported to the Canadian Measles and Rubella Surveillance System.
  • Epidemiological analysis including incidence, age distribution, vaccination status, and importation trends.

Main Results:

  • 1171 measles cases reported (0.29 cases/100,000 population).
  • Majority of cases (63%) were unvaccinated; incidence highest in infants.
  • Increasing trend of measles importations, with some leading to significant transmission chains.

Conclusions:

  • Canada maintained measles elimination between 2002 and 2013.
  • Reducing unvaccinated individuals and managing importations are critical for sustained elimination.