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Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
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Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

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Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex III and IV01:43

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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
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Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer: Moving Together and Charging Forward.

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Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a key process in chemistry and biology. This perspective highlights recent theoretical and computational advances, challenges, and future directions in understanding PCET mechanisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is a fundamental process central to numerous chemical and biological systems.
  • Understanding PCET mechanisms is crucial for advancing fields ranging from energy conversion to biological catalysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of recent theoretical and computational advancements in the field of PCET.
  • To identify and discuss current challenges and future research directions in PCET studies.
  • To highlight the synergistic relationship between theoretical/computational methods and experimental investigations in PCET.

Main Methods:

  • Summarization of fundamental theoretical concepts governing PCET.
  • Description of computational methodologies for calculating key parameters like reduction potentials and pKa values.
  • Discussion of computational approaches for simulating non-adiabatic dynamics in photoexcited PCET systems.

Main Results:

  • Presentation of theoretical expressions for rate constants and kinetic isotope effects in PCET.
  • Illustrative applications of computational methods to diverse PCET systems, including solution, proteins, electrochemistry, and photoinduced processes.
  • Analysis of linear correlations and the role of non-innocent ligands in modulating PCET reactivity.

Conclusions:

  • Theory and computation are indispensable tools for elucidating complex PCET mechanisms.
  • Significant progress has been made, but challenges remain in accurately modeling PCET across various systems.
  • Future research should focus on integrating advanced computational techniques with experimental data to drive innovation in PCET applications.