Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

1.4K
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
1.4K
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

1.2K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
1.2K
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

1.1K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
1.1K
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

3.4K
Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...
3.4K
Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action01:28

Depolarizing Blockers: Mechanism of Action

3.6K
Depolarizing blockers act on skeletal muscle fibers' membranes and induce their depolarization. Most depolarizing blockers have two quaternary N+ atoms that bind the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and cause neuromuscular blockade within minutes.
Succinylcholine is the most commonly used depolarizing blocker. Chemically, it constitutes two molecules of acetylcholine joined together by an acetate methyl group. They act on the receptors in the same way as acetylcholine. Because...
3.6K
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

2.4K
The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...
2.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Diagnosis and pathogenesis of dystonia: clinical heterogeneity, shared mechanisms, and neurodevelopmental origins.

The Lancet. Neurology·2026
Same author

Pallidal physiology and predictors of successful deep brain stimulation in jerky dystonia, dystonia with tremor, and their combination.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same author

Reply: "Segmental vs. Multifocal: The 2025 Dystonia Classification Is Helpful".

Movement disorders clinical practice·2026
Same author

Reply to: "Revisiting Nomenclature in Movement Disorders: The Boundaries Between Pragmatism, Academicism, and Practical Applicability".

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society·2026
Same author

Mechanistic Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model of the Tau-Targeted Antibody Posdinemab in Healthy Participants and Participants with Alzheimer's Disease.

Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics·2025
Same author

Mapping the Neuroanatomy of Dystonia Using Causal Brain Lesions.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
10:41

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

8.2K

Recent developments in dystonia.

Hyder A Jinnah1, Jan K Teller, Wendy R Galpern

  • 1aDepartment of Neurology, Human Genetics & Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia bDystonia Medical Research Foundation, Chicago, Illinois cNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Current Opinion in Neurology
|June 26, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent research offers a revised definition and classification for dystonias, a group of movement disorders. Advances in understanding genetic and neurobiological mechanisms are paving the way for improved diagnosis and targeted treatments.

More Related Videos

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

10.3K
Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons
09:51

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

Published on: January 29, 2015

16.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia
10:41

Implantation of Osmotic Pumps and Induction of Stress to Establish a Symptomatic, Pharmacological Mouse Model for DYT/PARK-ATP1A3 Dystonia

Published on: September 12, 2020

8.2K
Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia

Published on: January 27, 2018

10.3K
Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons
09:51

Rapid Genotyping of Animals Followed by Establishing Primary Cultures of Brain Neurons

Published on: January 29, 2015

16.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Genetics
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Dystonias are a diverse group of neurological disorders characterized by involuntary muscle contractions.
  • They are often poorly recognized due to varied clinical presentations and unclear underlying causes.
  • Current classification relies heavily on clinical symptoms rather than specific genetic or neuropathological defects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in dystonia research with direct clinical relevance.
  • To focus on advances from the past two years.
  • To highlight new strategies for diagnosis, classification, and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent publications (past 2 years).
  • Synthesis of findings on clinical phenotypes, genetic mechanisms, and neurobiology.
  • Analysis of new diagnostic and classification approaches.

Main Results:

  • A revised definition and more logical classification system for dystonia subtypes have been proposed.
  • Significant progress has been made in understanding the genetic and neurobiological underpinnings of dystonias.
  • New opportunities for diagnosis and treatment have emerged, including for rare subtypes.

Conclusions:

  • Recent advances necessitate new strategies for diagnosing, classifying, and treating dystonias.
  • Improved understanding of phenotypes and causes is crucial for clinical practice.
  • Further research into genetic and neurobiological mechanisms will drive therapeutic innovation.