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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions01:01

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Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...
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Chlorhexidine Anaphylaxis Masquerading as Septic Shock.

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Chlorhexidine, a common antiseptic, can cause severe allergic reactions like anaphylactic shock. This case highlights its potential to mimic serious infections, emphasizing the need for awareness among healthcare professionals.

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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Chlorhexidine is a widely used antiseptic and disinfectant in healthcare settings.
  • Its use has increased due to infection control initiatives against hospital-acquired infections.
  • Growing exposure of patients and healthcare workers (HCW) to chlorhexidine is noted.

Observation:

  • Adverse reactions to chlorhexidine, including anaphylaxis, have been increasingly reported.
  • Most reports involve isolated cases in healthy individuals or HCW.
  • This report details a rare case of anaphylactic shock following chlorhexidine application.

Findings:

  • The anaphylactic reaction mimicked septic shock.
  • The patient presented with symptoms suggestive of necrotising fasciitis.
  • Chlorhexidine exposure was identified as the cause of the anaphylaxis.

Implications:

  • Healthcare professionals should consider chlorhexidine allergy in patients presenting with shock-like symptoms.
  • Increased vigilance is necessary to identify and manage chlorhexidine-induced hypersensitivity.
  • This case underscores the importance of a thorough patient history regarding antiseptic use.