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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Source And Potency Of Stem Cells01:27

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with extensive self-renewal properties that help them maintain their population during the fetal and adult stages of life. They can specialize in all cell types of the human body. However, their differential potential may vary and can be classified into five types. Stem cells can be (1) Totipotent, (2) Pluripotent, (3) Multipotent, (4) Oligopotent, and (5) Unipotent. Each stem cell has a specific origin; the fertilized egg or zygote is a totipotent cell and...
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Reprogramming Primary Amniotic Fluid and Membrane Cells to Pluripotency in Xeno-free Conditions
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Cell totipotency: molecular features, induction, and maintenance.

Falong Lu1, Yi Zhang2

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 ; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 ; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, WAB-149G, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115.

National Science Review
|June 27, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explore totipotency, the ability of stem cells to form all embryonic and extra-embryonic cell types. This review summarizes progress in understanding and potentially inducing totipotency in vitro.

Keywords:
Embryonic stem cellEpigeneticsPluripotencyReprogrammingSomatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)Totipotency

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Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
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Related Experiment Videos

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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Mammalian developmental biology
  • Stem cell research
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Pluripotent stem cells can generate all embryonic lineage cells.
  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are created by reprogramming differentiated cells.
  • Totipotency, the ability to form both embryonic and extra-embryonic lineages, is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on totipotency.
  • To explore the mechanisms regulating totipotency.
  • To assess the potential for in vitro induction and maintenance of totipotency.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on stem cell reprogramming and totipotency.
  • Analysis of transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory networks.
  • Synthesis of findings related to totipotent cell induction and maintenance.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in inducing pluripotency.
  • The factors and mechanisms governing totipotency remain largely unknown.
  • The in vitro induction and maintenance of totipotency are yet to be definitively established.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of totipotency.
  • Understanding totipotency could advance regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
  • Establishing in vitro totipotency could revolutionize stem cell applications.