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Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training
Published on: January 18, 2021
Bruce L Tai1,2, Deborah Rooney3, Francesca Stephenson1
1Departments of 1 Mechanical Engineering.
This study introduces a 3D-printed physical simulator for external ventricular drain (EVD) placement, offering realistic haptic and visual feedback for neurosurgical training. The cost-effective simulator aims to improve resident proficiency in this critical procedure.
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