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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

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Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 8, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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Olfaction in Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery.

Christopher F Thompson1, Robert C Kern1, David B Conley1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|June 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Chronic rhinosinusitis often causes smell loss, impacting quality of life. Pre-operative olfactory assessment and careful surgical technique are crucial for managing expectations and optimizing outcomes.

Keywords:
AnosmiaEndoscopic sinus surgeryHyposmiaOlfactionSkull baseSmell

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Rhinology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a frequent complaint in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), significantly reducing patients' quality of life.
  • Smell loss in CRS stems from sinonasal obstruction (polyps, discharge, edema) and inflammation of the olfactory epithelium.
  • Predicting olfactory improvement after surgery is challenging, necessitating pre-operative assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of addressing olfactory function in patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus and skull base surgery.
  • To emphasize the role of pre-operative olfactory testing in managing patient expectations.
  • To recommend surgical techniques that may optimize postoperative olfactory function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common causes of olfactory dysfunction in CRS.
  • Discussion of the utility of commercially available olfactory testing measures.
  • Consideration of surgical approaches within the olfactory cleft.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a significant comorbidity in CRS.
  • Pre-operative olfactory testing is feasible and aids in expectation setting.
  • Careful surgical dissection in the olfactory cleft is advised.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-operative olfactory evaluation is essential for patients with CRS.
  • Managing expectations regarding smell improvement is critical.
  • Surgical technique, particularly in the olfactory cleft, can influence postoperative olfactory outcomes.