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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Dendrimer-based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Macrocyclic Gd(3+) complexes with pendant crown ethers designed for binding zwitterionic neurotransmitters.

Fatima Oukhatar1,2, Hervé Meudal1, Céline Landon1

  • 1Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, Cedex 2 (France).

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 30, 2015
PubMed
Summary

New gadolinium (Gd3+) complexes respond to amino acid neurotransmitters. These novel agents show potential for imaging neurotransmitter concentrations in the brain.

Keywords:
contrast agentscrown compoundslanthanidesmacrocyclic ligandsneurotransmitters

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Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Gadolinium (Gd3+) complexes are widely used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  • Amino acid neurotransmitters play crucial roles in synaptic signaling.
  • Developing selective sensors for neurotransmitters is essential for understanding brain function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel Gd3+ complexes capable of detecting zwitterionic amino acid neurotransmitters.
  • To investigate the design principles for ditopic interactions enabling neurotransmitter binding.
  • To evaluate the relaxometric response and selectivity of these complexes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Gd3+ complexes with varying linker lengths and crown ether moieties.
  • Proton relaxometric titrations to monitor complex formation.
  • Luminescence measurements on Eu3+ and Tb3+ analogues to assess hydration changes.
  • Affinity and selectivity studies against various biomolecules.

Main Results:

  • Synthesized Gd3+ complexes exhibit high proton relaxivities due to slow molecular tumbling.
  • Complex formation with amino acid neurotransmitters leads to a significant relaxivity decrease (approx. 80%).
  • The complexes demonstrate millimolar affinity for amino acid neurotransmitters and good selectivity over other neurotransmitters and ions, except hydrogencarbonate.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Gd3+ complexes function as responsive sensors for amino acid neurotransmitters.
  • The observed relaxivity changes are attributed to a decrease in the hydration number upon binding.
  • These findings suggest potential applications in imaging synaptic neurotransmitter concentrations.