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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the...
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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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Classical mechanics provides a mathematical description of the motion of bodies under the influence of forces. A key principle within this field is the work-energy theorem, which establishes a bridge between the net work done on an object and its kinetic energy.The work-energy theorem states that the net work done on a particle by all the forces acting on it equals the change in its kinetic energy.In simple terms, the work-energy theorem is a method to analyze the effects of forces on an...
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Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
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Setting Limits on Supersymmetry Using Simplified Models
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Models on the boundary between classical and quantum mechanics.

Gerard 't Hooft1

  • 1Institute for Theoretical Physics and Spinoza Institute, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.195, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands g.thooft@uu.nl.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|July 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals quantum mechanics may have classical origins, challenging previous assumptions. It explores surprising counterexamples, including superstring theory, questioning the necessity of

Keywords:
Bell's theoremedge stateshidden variablesmappingssuperdeterminismvacuum fluctuations

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Classical Physics
  • String Theory

Background:

  • Classical logic suggests quantum mechanics cannot be explained by classical theories due to the impossibility of 'conspiracy' in physical laws.
  • This principle implies a fundamental disconnect between quantum and classical descriptions of reality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate quantum systems that appear to contradict the 'no conspiracy' principle.
  • To explore quantum models with classical origins and their implications.
  • To re-examine the nature of 'conspiracy' in quantum mechanics, particularly within superstring theory and vacuum fluctuations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of explicit quantum systems exhibiting classical origins.
  • Examination of superstring theory as a case study for 'conspiracy' in quantum models.
  • Sharpening arguments related to Bell's theorem in the context of these findings.

Main Results:

  • Several quantum systems were identified that seemingly possess classical origins, challenging established theoretical boundaries.
  • Superstring theory is presented as a particularly intriguing example of a quantum model with potential classical underpinnings.
  • The study raises questions about the extent and nature of 'conspiracy' within these models, including vacuum fluctuations.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that the separation between quantum mechanics and classical theories may not be as absolute as previously believed.
  • Further investigation into quantum models with classical origins is warranted to fully understand their implications.
  • The concept of 'conspiracy' in quantum mechanics requires re-evaluation in light of these counterexamples.