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Synthetic Biology02:55

Synthetic Biology

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Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
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Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Cannabinoids01:21

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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Two synthetic agonists of THC,...
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CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids

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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

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Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

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Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral...
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Synthetic Cannabinoids.

Brooke Mills1, Andres Yepes, Kenneth Nugent

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas.

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
|July 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) pose significant public health risks due to unpredictable toxicity and abuse potential. Research indicates SCBs cause higher toxicity rates and hospital admissions than natural cannabis.

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs), marketed as "Spice" or "K2," are increasingly used.
  • SCBs activate cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) but are linked to greater toxicity than natural cannabis.
  • Their varied chemical structures and potential contaminants contribute to unpredictable adverse effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the public health concerns associated with synthetic cannabinoid use.
  • To summarize the known toxicities and treatment approaches for SCB intoxication.
  • To highlight the need for further research into SCB contaminants and interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and poison control data.
  • Analysis of reported toxicities associated with SCB use.

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  • Examination of the pharmacological differences between SCBs and Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

    • Main Results:

    • SCBs are associated with higher rates of toxicity and hospital admissions compared to natural cannabis.
    • Common toxicities include tachycardia, agitation, drowsiness, hallucinations, hypertension, and acute kidney injury.
    • The primary demographic for SCB use is men in their 20s, often engaging in polydrug use.

    Conclusions:

    • SCB use presents a significant public health challenge due to unpredictable toxicity.
    • Symptom management and supportive care are the mainstays of treatment.
    • Further research is crucial to identify contaminants and understand SCB interactions for improved adverse outcome prediction.