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Molecular and Ionic Solids

Molecular and Ionic Solids

Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films

Fabrication and Optimization of Type II Silicon Clathrate Films

Published on: October 14, 2025

Cyclodextrin-Based Solid-Gas Clathrates.

Stiliana Pereva¹, Tsveta Himitliiska¹, Tony Spassov¹

¹†Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia "St. Kl. Ohridski", 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

|July 2, 2015

Summary

Cyclodextrins (CDs) form stable gas clathrates under pressure, useful as foam boosters. Alpha-cyclodextrin clathrates show the highest gas content, particularly with nitrous oxide.

Keywords:

clathrates crystallization cyclodextrins kinetics

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Area of Science:

Supramolecular Chemistry
Materials Science
Food Science

Background:

Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides with a hydrophobic cavity and hydrophilic exterior.
Gas clathrates are inclusion compounds where gas molecules are trapped within a crystal lattice.
Potential applications exist for CDs as foam stabilizers in food and other industries.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the formation and properties of cyclodextrin-gas clathrates.
To determine the gas inclusion capacity of different cyclodextrin types (α, β, γ).
To explore factors influencing clathrate yield and gas loading.

Main Methods:

Crystallization of cyclodextrins from aqueous solutions under gas pressure.
Analysis of clathrate stability at ambient conditions and dissociation at elevated temperatures.
Systematic variation of cyclodextrin concentration, gas pressure, and temperature.

Main Results:

Alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) formed clathrates with N2, N2O, CO2, and Ar.
Beta- (β-) and gamma- (γ-) cyclodextrins selectively formed clathrates only with N2.
The highest gas content, approximately 2 wt%, was achieved with α-CD-N2O clathrates.
Dissociation of α-CD-N2O clathrates occurred within the 40-60 °C temperature range.

Conclusions:

Cyclodextrin-gas clathrates are stable at ambient conditions after formation under pressure.
α-CD exhibits broader gas compatibility compared to β- and γ-CDs.
α-CD-N2O clathrates offer significant gas loading capacity and controlled release properties for industrial applications.