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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...
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Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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Crystallographic Point Groups01:29

Crystallographic Point Groups

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Crystallographic point groups represent the various symmetry operations that can occur within crystals. They are unique in that at least one point will always remain unchanged during these actions. For instance, consider the triclinic system. This system, devoid of any axis or plane of symmetry, aligns with the C1 and Ci point groups.where Cᵢ is characterized solely by a center of inversion.Contrastingly, the monoclinic system introduces an element of symmetry. This system with one plane...
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Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
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Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
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Updated: Apr 7, 2026

An All-in-one Sample Holder for Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography with Minimal Background Scattering
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PRIGo: a new multi-axis goniometer for macromolecular crystallography.

Sandro Waltersperger1, Vincent Olieric1, Claude Pradervand1

  • 1Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation
|July 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Introducing the Parallel Robotics Inspired Goniometer (PRIGo), a novel device for macromolecular crystallography. This high-precision goniometer offers advanced sample reorientation for enhanced data collection strategies.

Keywords:
beamline endstationcollection strategydiffraction datadiffractometermacromolecular crystallographymulti-axis goniometry

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Robotics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Traditional goniometers like kappa and Eulerian cradles have limitations in sample reorientation for macromolecular crystallography.
  • High-precision sample manipulation is crucial for advanced crystallographic techniques, especially micro-crystallography.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the Parallel Robotics Inspired Goniometer (PRIGo) as a novel, compact, and high-precision alternative for sample reorientation.
  • To detail the hardware, software, calibration, and applications of PRIGo in macromolecular crystallography.

Main Methods:

  • PRIGo utilizes a combination of serial and parallel kinematics, mounted on an air-bearing stage for omega rotation.
  • It incorporates four synchronized piezo linear positioners for precise x, y, z translations and chi rotation (0-90°).
  • A phi stage (0-360°) allows for rotation around the sample holder axis, with active correction for high accuracy.

Main Results:

  • PRIGo achieves spheres of confusion below 1 µm for omega, 7 µm for chi, and 10 µm for phi.
  • The device is well-suited for micro-crystallography due to its precision.
  • PRIGo facilitates optimal data collection strategies for both native and experimental phasing.

Conclusions:

  • PRIGo represents a significant advancement in goniometer technology for macromolecular crystallography.
  • Its precision and capabilities make it ideal for micro-crystallography and advanced phasing techniques.
  • The described hardware, software, and calibration ensure its effective application in the field.