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Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection

Confocal Imaging of Double-Stranded RNA and Pattern Recognition Receptors in Negative-Sense RNA Virus Infection

Published on: January 26, 2019

Double-Stranded RNA Is Detected by Immunofluorescence Analysis in RNA and DNA Virus Infections, Including Those by

Kyung-No Son¹, Zhiguo Liang¹, Howard L Lipton²

¹Department of Microbiology-Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Journal of Virology

|July 3, 2015

Summary

Most animal virus infections produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), detectable by immunofluorescence staining. This finding challenges previous assumptions and supports dsRNA

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Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is crucial for initiating host immune responses against viral infections.
Previous studies suggested dsRNA detection was limited, particularly in negative-strand RNA virus infections.
The universality of dsRNA production across diverse viral families remained unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the prevalence of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) formation in various animal virus infections.
To determine if dsRNA can be detected by immunofluorescence staining across different virus types, including negative-strand RNA viruses.
To assess the utility of dsRNA immunostaining for broader virus discovery.

Main Methods:

Infection of cell lines with a range of animal viruses, including negative-strand RNA viruses, ambisense RNA viruses, and ssDNA viruses.
Detection of in situ dsRNA formation using immunofluorescence antibody staining.
Localization of dsRNA within infected cells (cytoplasm and nucleus).

Main Results:

dsRNA was detected in cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus, measles virus, influenza A virus, Nyamanini virus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and minute virus of mice.
dsRNA staining was observed in both the cytoplasm and, in some cases, the nucleus.
Hepatitis B virus infection did not yield detectable dsRNA.
Apoptosis induction in uninfected cells did not upregulate dsRNA formation.

Conclusions:

Most animal virus infections produce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) species.
Standard immunofluorescence staining is effective for detecting dsRNA across a wide range of virus types.
dsRNA detection holds promise as a valuable tool for broad-spectrum viral discovery in pathological specimens.