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Related Concept Videos

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Development of the Heart01:27

Development of the Heart

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The development of the human heart, a crucial organ, commences from the mesoderm on the 18th or 19th day after fertilization. This process initiates in the cardiogenic area, a group of mesodermal cells at the embryo's head end, which evolves into elongated strands known as cardiogenic cords. These cords undergo a transformation to form hollow-centered endocardial tubes.
As the embryo undergoes lateral folding, these paired tubes approach each other, merging into a single primitive heart...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Related Experiment Video

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Fetal Mouse Cardiovascular Imaging Using a High-frequency Ultrasound 30/45MHZ System
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Atrioventricular block during fetal life.

Lindsey E Hunter1, John M Simpson1

  • 1Fetal Cardiology Unit, Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK.

Journal of the Saudi Heart Association
|July 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Congenital complete atrioventricular block, a rare condition affecting 1 in 20,000 births, can lead to severe fetal and infant health issues. This review explores its assessment, causes, and potential prenatal treatments.

Keywords:
Complete atrioventricular blockCongenital heart diseaseFetal arrhythmiaFetal echocardiographyPrenatal therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Immunology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Congenital complete atrioventricular (AV) block affects approximately 1 in 20,000 live births.
  • It is associated with significant fetal and postnatal mortality and morbidity.
  • Causes include immune and non-immune mediated processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the assessment methods for congenital complete AV block.
  • To examine the pathophysiology of immune-mediated AV block.
  • To explore potential prenatal therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on congenital complete AV block.
  • Analysis of pathophysiology related to maternal autoantibodies.
  • Evaluation of prenatal treatment options.

Main Results:

  • Immune-mediated AV block involves trans-placental passage of maternal autoantibodies (anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB).
  • These autoantibodies damage fetal cardiomyocytes and conduction tissue.
  • Evidence regarding assessment, pathophysiology, and prenatal therapy is examined.

Conclusions:

  • Congenital complete AV block requires careful assessment and understanding of its immune-mediated pathophysiology.
  • Prenatal diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are areas of ongoing research.
  • Further investigation is needed to improve outcomes for affected infants.