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An interference account of the missing-VP effect.

Jana Häussler1, Markus Bader2

  • 1Department of Linguistics, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany.

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Summary

The missing-verb phrase (VP) effect, where complex sentences seem grammatical, arises from retrieval interference, not memory limits. This interference causes errors in sentence processing, creating an illusion of grammaticality.

Keywords:
Germancenter embeddingcue-based retrievalgrammatical illusioninterferencemissing-VP effectsentence parsing

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Linguistics
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Doubly center-embedded relative clauses present processing challenges.
  • Sentences with missing verb phrases (missing-VP) can create an illusion of grammaticality, despite being ungrammatical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and test an interference-based account for the missing-VP effect.
  • To investigate the role of cue-based retrieval in processing complex sentence structures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing experiments on the missing-VP effect in German using speeded grammaticality judgments.
  • Two new experiments in German: a questionnaire study and a self-paced reading task.
  • Analysis of retrieval errors and interference during sentence processing.

Main Results:

  • The missing-VP effect was confirmed in German across different experimental procedures (speeded judgment, questionnaire, self-paced reading).
  • Evidence supports an interference account, where retrieval errors lead to misattachment of verbs.
  • A primacy effect, consistent with memory literature, was observed, further supporting the interference model.

Conclusions:

  • The missing-VP effect and difficulties with multiply center-embedded clauses are best explained by interference during cue-based retrieval.
  • Interference-based retrieval errors, rather than limited memory or experience, account for the illusion of grammaticality.
  • This model provides a more robust explanation for processing complexities in embedded sentence structures.