Epigenetic Mechanisms Leading to Overexpression of HMGA Proteins in Human Pituitary Adenomas
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Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
Published on: April 2, 2018
Daniela D'Angelo1, Francesco Esposito1, Alfredo Fusco2
1Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II" , Naples , Italy.
Abstract:
Overexpression of the high-mobility group A (HMGA)1 and HMGA2 proteins is a feature of all human pituitary adenoma (PAs) subtypes. However, amplification and/or rearrangement of the HMGA2 have been described in human prolactinomas, but rarely in other pituitary subtypes, and no genomic amplification of HMGA1 was detected in PAs. Here, we summarize the functional role of HMGA proteins in pituitary tumorigenesis and the epigenetic mechanisms contributing to HMGA overexpression in these tumors focusing on recent studies indicating a critical role of non-coding RNAs in modulating HMGA protein levels.
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