A Practical Approach to Hypocalcaemia in Children

Area of Science:

• Pediatric Endocrinology
• Mineral Metabolism Disorders
• Calcium Homeostasis

Background:

• Hypocalcaemia is a frequent clinical finding in pediatric patients.
• It arises from diverse causes affecting mineral metabolism.
• Key etiological factors include parathyroid hormone deficiency/dysfunction, vitamin D metabolism disorders, and calcium-sensing receptor abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present a practical framework for investigating hypocalcaemia in children.
• To guide the diagnosis of various hypocalcaemic disorders.
• To outline subsequent management strategies for pediatric hypocalcaemia.

Main Methods:

• Systematic review of literature on hypocalcaemia investigation.
• Development of a diagnostic algorithm based on clinical presentation and laboratory findings.
• Summarization of current therapeutic guidelines for different aetiologies.

Main Results:

• Identified key investigations to differentiate causes of hypocalcaemia.
• Highlighted the importance of assessing parathyroid hormone, vitamin D metabolites, and calcium-sensing receptor function.
• Emphasized tailored management based on the underlying cause.

Conclusions:

• A structured approach facilitates accurate diagnosis of pediatric hypocalcaemia.
• Effective management relies on identifying and addressing the specific etiological factor.
• Early diagnosis and appropriate intervention are crucial for optimal outcomes in children with hypocalcaemia.