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Related Concept Videos

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

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Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Approach to the Child with Hypercalcaemia.

Justin H Davies1

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton, UK.

Endocrine Development
|July 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric hypercalcemia, though rare, has diverse causes often linked to genetics. Prompt diagnosis is crucial for managing this serious condition and preventing organ damage.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Clinical Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Hypercalcemia is uncommon in children, unlike in adults where malignancy and primary hyperparathyroidism are frequent causes.
  • Pediatric hypercalcemia presents diverse, age-specific etiologies, frequently with an underlying genetic basis.
  • This condition can lead to severe end-organ damage, necessitating prompt and accurate diagnosis for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding pediatric hypercalcemia.
  • To present a practical approach to the investigation and management of hypercalcemia in children.
  • To categorize causes based on parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, distinguishing between PTH-dependent and PTH-independent conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature and clinical guidelines on pediatric hypercalcemia.

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  • Classification of hypercalcemia causes based on PTH levels.
  • Discussion of diagnostic strategies and management pathways.

    • Main Results:

    • Etiologies of pediatric hypercalcemia are varied and age-dependent, often with genetic underpinnings.
    • Parathyroid hormone levels are key to differentiating causes (PTH-dependent vs. PTH-independent).
    • A systematic approach aids in prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

    Conclusions:

    • Effective management of pediatric hypercalcemia hinges on rapid and accurate diagnosis.
    • Understanding the diverse and often genetic causes is essential for targeted treatment.
    • Utilizing PTH levels provides a practical framework for investigating and managing pediatric hypercalcemia.