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Related Concept Videos

Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

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Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several types of...
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Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

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Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow...
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G-Protein Gated Ion Channels01:21

G-Protein Gated Ion Channels

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GPCRs are primarily responsible for our sense of smell, taste, and vision.  The binding of a sensory stimulus activates GPCR to stimulate effector proteins, many of which are ion channels in the sensory organs. GPCRs modulate the opening and closing of the target ion channels either directly by binding them, or by releasing second messengers that activate these channels. As ions move across the membrane, the membrane potential is altered, which induces an appropriate response.
Sensory...
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Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

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Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
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The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation01:19

The Role of Ion Channels in Neuronal Computation

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A postsynaptic neuron usually receives numerous impulses from several other presynaptic neurons. The axon hillock of the postsynaptic neuron integrates all these signals and determines the likelihood of firing an action potential.
Sometimes a single EPSP is strong enough to induce an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. However, multiple presynaptic inputs must often create EPSPs around the same time for the postsynaptic neuron to be sufficiently depolarized to fire an action potential....
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Related Experiment Video

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Determination of the Relative Cell Surface and Total Expression of Recombinant Ion Channels Using Flow Cytometry
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Ion Channels in the Heart.

Daniel C Bartos1, Eleonora Grandi1, Crystal M Ripplinger1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA.

Comprehensive Physiology
|July 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Cardiac function relies on precise electrical timing and heart rate, achieved through specialized properties of the sinoatrial node, atria, and ventricles. Understanding regional electrical differences is key for treating arrhythmias and guiding pharmacotherapy.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Optimal cardiac function requires synchronized excitation-contraction coupling and appropriate heart rate.
  • Specialized electrical properties exist across different cardiac regions: sinoatrial node, atria, atrioventricular node, His-Purkinje system, and ventricles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the major regionally determined electrical properties of cardiac components.
  • To present data on the molecular and ionic underpinnings of regional cardiac function and dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing data on cardiac electrophysiology.
  • Analysis of molecular and ionic mechanisms contributing to regional electrical properties.

Main Results:

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Isolation of Atrial Myocytes from Adult Mice
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  • Detailed description of the distinct electrical characteristics of the sinoatrial node, atria, atrioventricular node, His-Purkinje system, and ventricles.
  • Identification of key molecular and ionic factors responsible for these regional differences.

Conclusions:

  • Regional electrical properties are fundamental to overall cardiac function and coordinated contraction.
  • Understanding these specialized differences is crucial for investigating arrhythmia mechanisms and developing effective pharmacotherapies.