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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

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Early Practice: External Sinus Surgery and Procedures and Complications.

John S Schneider1, Andrew Day1, Matthew Clavenna2

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8115, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|July 6, 2015
PubMed
Summary

External sinus surgery approaches remain relevant despite the endoscopic era. This article details techniques for maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses, aiding surgeons and residents in rare but critical indications.

Keywords:
Caldwell-Luc approachExternal ethmoidectomyFrontal trephineOsteoplastic flap

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Surgical Anatomy
  • Rhinology

Background:

  • Endoscopic sinus surgery is now the standard of care.
  • External approaches to paranasal sinuses are infrequently utilized in modern practice.
  • Indications for external approaches persist despite their rarity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical and current applications of external sinus surgical techniques.
  • To describe the surgical anatomy and methods for external approaches to the maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses.
  • To educate surgeons and residents on the indications, techniques, and potential complications of these procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of original surgical descriptions.
  • Analysis of modern indications and techniques for external sinus surgery.
  • Discussion of potential complications associated with external approaches.

Main Results:

  • External approaches, though rare, are still indicated for specific paranasal sinus pathologies.
  • Detailed descriptions of techniques for maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinus external access are provided.
  • Potential complications are outlined to ensure safe surgical practice.

Conclusions:

  • External sinus surgery techniques remain valuable in specific clinical scenarios.
  • Understanding these approaches is crucial for comprehensive surgical training and practice.
  • This review aims to enhance proficiency in managing complex cases requiring external sinus access.