Histologic evaluation of new attachment apparatus formation in humans. Part I

Part I of this three-part human study evaluated the formation of a new attachment apparatus (bone, cementum, and periodontal ligament) on pathologically exposed root surfaces in an open and closed environment. The most apical level of calculus on the root served as a histologic reference point to measure regeneration on root surfaces exposed to the oral environment. Attempts were made to initiate the formation of a new attachment apparatus by flap curettage, root planing, coronectomy, and submersion of vital roots beneath the mucosa. Nonsubmerged defects were treated by the same surgical technique and served as controls. Biopsies were obtained at 6 months and regeneration was evaluated histometrically by two investigators who were unaware of the treatment performed. Data from 9 patients with 25 submerged and 22 nonsubmerged defects were submitted for statistical analysis. Results indicate that a new attachment apparatus did not form in any of the 22 nonsubmerged teeth; a new attachment apparatus did form in a submerged environment (0.75 mm); significantly more new attachment apparatus (P less than 0.05), new cementum (P less than 0.01), new connective tissue (P less than 0.05), and new bone (P less than 0.02) formed in submerged defects; new cementum was cellular in nature and formed equally well on old cementum and dentin. Greater percent positive regeneration of the attachment apparatus and all component tissues occurred in submerged defects and no extensive root resorption, ankylosis, or pulp death was observed on submerged or nonsubmerged roots.