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Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
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If a set of reactants can yield multiple constitutional isomers, but one of the isomers is obtained as the major product, the reaction is said to be regioselective. In such reactions, bond formation or breaking is favored at one reaction site over others.
The hydrohalogenation of an unsymmetrical alkene can yield two haloalkane products, depending on which vinylic carbon takes up the halogen. However, one product usually predominates, where hydrogen adds to the vinylic carbon bearing the...
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The Diels–Alder reaction is one of the robust methods for synthesizing unsaturated six-membered rings. The reaction involves a concerted cyclic movement of six π electrons: four π electrons from the diene and two π electrons from the dienophile.
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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Stereoselective Electrophilic Cyclization.

Akira Sakakura1, Kazuaki Ishihara2

  • 1Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.

Chemical Record (New York, N.Y.)
|July 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers designed chiral Lewis base catalysts for enantioselective cyclizations of unactivated alkenes. These catalysts enable efficient synthesis of valuable building blocks through iodo-, protocyclizations, and bromocyclizations.

Keywords:
Lewis basesasymmetric synthesiselectrophilic cyclizationlactonizationorganocatalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Synthetic Chemistry

Background:

  • Electrophilic cyclizations of unactivated alkenes are crucial for synthesizing valuable molecular building blocks.
  • Developing enantioselective methods for these transformations remains a significant challenge in organic synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the rational design of monofunctionalized chiral Lewis base catalysts.
  • To achieve enantioselective iodo- and protocyclizations of unactivated alkenes.
  • To develop cooperative catalysts for stereoselective electrophilic bromocyclizations.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of novel chiral Lewis base catalysts.
  • Application of catalysts in enantioselective iodo-, proto-, and bromocyclizations.
  • Utilizing phosphite-urea cooperative catalysis for bromocyclizations.

Main Results:

  • Successfully developed monofunctionalized chiral Lewis base catalysts for enantioselective cyclizations.
  • Demonstrated the utility of these catalysts in the synthesis of complex molecules.
  • Designed effective nucleophilic phosphite-urea cooperative catalysts for stereoselective electrophilic bromocyclizations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed chiral Lewis base catalysts provide efficient access to enantiomerically enriched products from unactivated alkenes.
  • Cooperative catalysis offers a promising strategy for stereoselective electrophilic bromocyclizations.
  • This work advances the field of asymmetric catalysis for alkene functionalization.