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Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
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Stigma towards Marijuana Users and Heroin Users.

Seth A Brown1

  • 1a Professor, Department of Psychology , University of Northern Iowa , Cedar Falls , IA.

Journal of Psychoactive Drugs
|July 7, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Substance use stigma differs between marijuana and heroin. Less contact and specific beliefs increase marijuana stigma, while heroin stigma shows weaker links to these factors, suggesting substance-specific interventions.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • High levels of stigma exist towards individuals with substance use disorders.
  • Limited research investigates the specific contributors to substance use stigma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine substance use stigma levels towards marijuana and heroin users.
  • To investigate how perceiver characteristics (sex, contact, beliefs) contribute to stigma dimensions (social distance, negative emotions, forced treatment).

Main Methods:

  • 250 college students with no prior illicit drug use history completed self-report measures.
  • Assessed stigma towards marijuana and heroin users.
  • Examined the influence of sex, previous contact, and beliefs about substance use on stigma.
Keywords:
beliefscontactcorrelatesstigmasubstance use

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Main Results:

  • Higher internalized stigma was directed towards heroin users compared to marijuana users.
  • For marijuana, less contact and beliefs in rarity, severity, and uncontrollability correlated with greater stigma.
  • For heroin, these associations were weak or absent.

Conclusions:

  • Substance use stigma should be examined and addressed on a substance-by-substance basis, not as a monolith.
  • Interventions involving increased contact with substance users may effectively reduce stigma.