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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Gut-Brain Axis01:22

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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Bridging the knowledge gap: from microbiome composition to function.

Jeremiah J Faith

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    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed a new platform to understand bacterial genes in the mammalian gut microbiome. This tool helps identify genes crucial for bacterial fitness and colonization, enabling microbe engineering for improved gut health.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Genomics
    • Systems Biology

    Background:

    • Vast amounts of metagenomic data exist for the mammalian gut microbiome.
    • The functions of most bacterial genes within this complex ecosystem remain largely unknown.
    • Understanding these genes is critical for deciphering microbial roles in host health.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel platform for functional genomic analysis of mammalian gut bacteria.
    • To identify bacterial genes that confer a fitness advantage in vivo.
    • To explore the potential for engineering microbes with enhanced colonization capabilities.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a high-throughput functional screening platform.
    • Genomic DNA extraction and manipulation from gut bacteria.
    • In vivo fitness assays to evaluate gene contributions.
    • Bioinformatic analysis to identify significant genes.

    Main Results:

    • The platform successfully identified bacterial genes contributing to in vivo fitness.
    • Specific genes were pinpointed that enhance bacterial survival and colonization.
    • Demonstrated the utility of the platform for functional gene discovery.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed platform is a powerful tool for functional metagenomic analysis.
    • It facilitates the discovery of genes essential for microbial fitness in the mammalian gut.
    • Holds significant promise for the forward engineering of beneficial gut microbes.