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While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
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Measuring Oral Fatty Acid Thresholds, Fat Perception, Fatty Food Liking, and Papillae Density in Humans
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Relationship between bread and obesity.

Luis Serra-Majem1, Inmaculada Bautista-Castaño1

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Reducing white bread, but not whole-grain bread, in a Mediterranean diet may help prevent weight gain and obesity. Whole-grain bread

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Area of Science:

  • Dietary science
  • Nutritional epidemiology
  • Obesity research

Background:

  • The Mediterranean diet is recognized for promoting healthy eating and preventing obesity.
  • Bread consumption, a traditional component of the Mediterranean diet, has declined due to public perception linking it to weight gain.
  • Existing research needs to clarify bread's role in weight management within dietary patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between bread consumption patterns and obesity or excess abdominal adiposity.
  • To differentiate the effects of white versus whole-grain bread on body weight and abdominal fat.
  • To inform public health recommendations regarding bread intake within healthy diets.

Main Methods:

  • A review of studies examining eating patterns that include bread consumption.
  • Analysis of associations with general obesity and abdominal adiposity in diverse populations.
  • Comparison of outcomes related to white bread versus whole-grain bread intake.

Main Results:

  • Reducing white bread consumption within a Mediterranean-style diet is linked to less weight and abdominal fat gain.
  • Whole-grain bread consumption did not show the same association with reduced weight or abdominal fat gain.
  • The composition of bread significantly influences its impact on body weight and adiposity.

Conclusions:

  • The type of bread consumed matters; whole-grain varieties may not contribute to weight gain like white bread.
  • Clear definitions for 'whole-grain bread' are needed for accurate epidemiological studies.
  • Further research on traditionally produced bread's effects on weight and metabolism is warranted.