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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Function of Platelets01:18

Structure and Function of Platelets

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The cell fragments known as platelets are disc-shaped, with an average diameter of about 3 μm and a thickness of roughly 1 μm. They play a crucial role in the body's vascular clotting system, which also involves plasma proteins, blood cells, and blood vessel tissues.
Platelets are continually replenished, circulating in the bloodstream for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes, primarily in the spleen. A microliter of circulating blood contains between 150,000 and 450,000...
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Antiplatelet drugs emerge as frontline defenders against the insidious threat of thromboembolic diseases, where abnormal clots obstruct vital blood vessels. These drugs stand as bulwarks, inhibiting platelet aggregation and clot formation, thereby mitigating the risk of life-threatening conditions like myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and thrombotic strokes.
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The platelet phase, the second stage of hemostasis, commences around 15-20 seconds after an injury. It follows and overlaps with the vascular phase, during which blood vessels constrict to minimize blood loss.
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Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Related Experiment Video

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Microfluidics in Assessing Platelet Function
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MicroRNAs in platelet function and cardiovascular disease.

David D McManus1, Jane E Freedman1

  • 1Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, AS7-1051, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605-4319, USA.

Nature Reviews. Cardiology
|July 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Platelets contain microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate gene expression and influence cardiovascular health. Circulating platelet miRNAs show promise as biomarkers for cardiovascular disease risk and outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Molecular Medicine
  • Hematology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major cause of death, with platelet function playing a critical role in thrombotic and atherogenic processes.
  • Platelet activation is central to acute coronary syndromes and contributes to other conditions like stroke.
  • Emerging research reveals that anucleate platelets contain transcripts, including microRNAs (miRNAs), involved in various cellular functions and intercellular communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of platelet-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and their potential as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers.
  • To investigate the mechanistic involvement of platelet miRNAs in hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammatory processes within the vasculature.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of platelet transcripts, focusing on microRNAs (miRNAs) and their regulatory functions.
  • Assessment of circulating levels of platelet miRNAs in relation to the presence and severity of cardiovascular diseases.
  • Investigation into the functional roles of platelet-derived miRNAs in vascular homeostasis and disease.

Main Results:

  • Platelet miRNAs are implicated in regulating gene expression, vascular homeostasis, inflammation, and platelet function.
  • Circulating levels of platelet miRNAs correlate with the presence and extent of cardiovascular diseases, including atrial fibrillation and peripheral vascular disease.
  • Platelet-derived miRNAs demonstrate mechanistic roles in hemostasis, thrombosis, and unstable coronary syndromes.

Conclusions:

  • Platelet-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in cardiovascular pathophysiology, influencing hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation.
  • Circulating platelet miRNAs represent promising biomarkers for assessing cardiovascular disease susceptibility, prognosis, and treatment response.
  • Further research into platelet miRNAs could unlock novel therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular conditions.