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Related Concept Videos

Reinforcement Schedules01:24

Reinforcement Schedules

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Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
Once a behavior is learned,...
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Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)01:27

Conjugate Addition (1,4-Addition) vs Direct Addition (1,2-Addition)

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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
Conjugate addition results in a thermodynamically stable product. The reaction retains the stronger C=O bond at the expense of the weaker C=C π bond. The process is slow as the β carbon is less electrophilic than the carbonyl carbon.
Direct addition products are...
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Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview01:14

Phase II Conjugation Reactions: Overview

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Conjugation, a key component of phase II biotransformation reactions, is a vital process in drug detoxification. It involves transferring endogenous substances like glucuronic acid, sulfate, and glycine to drugs or their metabolites formed in phase I reactions. These conjugation reactions, often catalyzed by specific enzymes, transform potentially harmful metabolites into inactive, water-soluble forms easily excreted in urine or bile. By enhancing polarity and eliminating pharmacological...
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Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions01:19

Phase II Reactions: Miscellaneous Conjugation Reactions

458
Phase II biotransformations are detoxification mechanisms that conjugate xenobiotics with endogenous substances, neutralizing their toxicity.
A key example involves the conjugation of cyanide ions, which impair cellular respiration and alter hemoglobin into non-oxygen-carrying cyanmethemoglobin. To neutralize this threat, a sulfur atom from thiosulphate is transferred to the cyanide ion, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanese, resulting in an inactive compound called thiocyanate. The production of...
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Conjugation01:19

Conjugation

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Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
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Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems01:18

Frost Circles for Different Conjugated Systems

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The inscribed polygon method is consistent with Hückel’s 4n + 2 rule and helps to learn whether the given cyclic compound is aromatic or not. The compound is stable and aromatic if every bonding molecular orbital (MO) is completely filled with a pair of electrons. However, if the non-bonding or antibonding orbitals are filled with electrons, the compound is unstable and not aromatic. Consider the Frost circle diagrams for cycloalkenes containing 4 to 8 carbons.
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Updated: Apr 7, 2026

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans
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Revisiting conjugate schedules.

Kenneth R MacAleese1, Patrick M Ghezzi2, John T Rapp3

  • 1Advanced Child Behavior Solutions, LLC.

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
|July 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

College students

Keywords:
conjugate punishmentconjugate reinforcementhumanskey pressing

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Operant Conditioning

Background:

  • Conjugate reinforcement involves response-dependent consequences.
  • Understanding its effects on behavior is crucial for applied settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of conjugate reinforcement on college students' responding.
  • To examine sensitivity to reinforcement intensity and different schedule conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted with college students.
  • Key presses altered picture clarity proportionally to response rate.
  • Varied parameters included clarity change per response, reinforcement, extinction, and negative punishment.

Main Results:

  • Responding decreased as reinforcement intensity (clarity change per response) increased.
  • Responding increased during conjugate reinforcement and decreased during extinction.
  • Responding decreased under conjugate negative punishment.

Conclusions:

  • College student responding is sensitive to the intensity of conjugate reinforcement.
  • Conjugate reinforcement schedules effectively control behavior, showing increases during reinforcement and decreases during extinction and negative punishment.