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Related Concept Videos

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Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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The phylum Tenericutes, which includes the single class Mollicutes, comprises bacteria that lack cell walls. The term "Mollicutes" derives from the Latin word mollis, meaning "soft." These organisms are among the smallest known and are commonly referred to as mycoplasmas due to the prominence of the genus Mycoplasma, which includes well-known human pathogens. Despite their inability to stain gram-positively (a result of their lack of cell walls), mycoplasmas are phylogenetically related to the...
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Marine microbial ecosystems are shaped by distinct physicochemical limits, including high salinity, low nutrient availability, and fluctuating oxygen levels. These conditions favor smaller microbial cell sizes, which maximize their surface-to-volume ratio for efficient nutrient uptake.Microbial activity and community composition are closely linked to biogeochemical cycles, particularly in dynamic environments like estuaries, where halotolerant microbes thrive in response to variable salinity...
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The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
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The deep ocean and its underlying sediments represent vast, largely unexplored microbial habitats that extend far beyond the sunlit photic zone. The photic (euphotic) zone typically spans the upper ~100–200 meters of pelagic waters in the open ocean, but its depth varies geographically and seasonally, where sufficient light supports photosynthetic life. Below this lies the deep sea, spanning roughly 1000–6000 meters (bathypelagic to abyssal zones), with deeper hadal trenches...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Blood Collection from the American Horseshoe Crab, Limulus Polyphemus
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Crustacean hemolymph microbiota: Endemic, tightly controlled, and utilization expectable.

Xian-Wei Wang1, Jin-Xing Wang1

  • 1Shandong Provincial Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 25000, China.

Molecular Immunology
|July 9, 2015
PubMed
Summary

The hemolymph of many invertebrates, including valuable crustaceans, harbors bacteria. This study reviews how crustaceans maintain a balance with their hemolymph microbiota, which may offer benefits and aquaculture applications.

Keywords:
Antimicrobial peptidesCrustaceanHemolymph microbiotaLectinsShrimp

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Emerging evidence indicates invertebrate hemolymph is often unsterile.
  • Understanding hemolymph microbiota and host-bacteria homeostasis is crucial for disease pathogenesis and immunity research.
  • Crustacean fishery holds significant global economic importance, necessitating research into their health and microbiota.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze the existing information on crustacean hemolymph microbiota.
  • To investigate the homeostasis between crustaceans and their hemolymph bacteria.
  • To explore potential applications of hemolymph microbiota in aquaculture and disease control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research on crustacean hemolymph microbiota.
  • Analysis of host-bacteria interactions and immune mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of factors influencing hemolymph microbiota composition.

Main Results:

  • The presence of microbiota in crustacean hemolymph is common and influenced by various factors.
  • Crustacean hosts utilize antimicrobial peptides and lectins to regulate bacterial proliferation.
  • Opportunistic bacteria can undergo changes under hemolymph stress.

Conclusions:

  • Crustacean hemolymph microbiota plays a role in host-bacteria homeostasis.
  • This microbiota may provide benefits to the host, such as resistance to external damage.
  • Potential applications exist for utilizing hemolymph microbiota in aquaculture for disease management.