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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
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Blood is circulated throughout the human body through a network of blood vessels called the circulatory system. This system includes arteries that transport blood from the heart to various body parts. These arterial pathways divide into smaller vessels until they reach the arterioles, which further split into capillaries. It is within these minuscule capillaries that the exchange of nutrients and waste products takes place. After this exchange, the blood is collected by venules, which fuse to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Endothelial Cell Transcytosis Assay as an In Vitro Model to Evaluate Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier Permeability
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[Vascular endothelial Barrier Function].

A N Ivanov, D M Puchinyan, I A Norkin

    Uspekhi Fiziologicheskikh Nauk
    |July 10, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    This review covers endothelial barrier function, detailing the glycocalyx, cell junctions, and transport mechanisms. It explores how these elements regulate vascular permeability and cell migration.

    Area of Science:

    • Vascular Biology
    • Cell Biology
    • Physiology

    Context:

    • The endothelium forms a selective barrier crucial for vascular homeostasis.
    • Understanding endothelial barrier function is key to addressing vascular diseases.

    Purpose:

    • To review current knowledge on endothelial barrier function.
    • To discuss the roles of the endothelial glycocalyx and cell junctions.
    • To examine mechanisms of molecular and cellular transport across the endothelium.

    Summary:

    • The endothelial barrier's integrity is maintained by the glycocalyx and cell junctions (tight and adherens junctions).
    • Mechanisms of transcellular and paracellular transport are reviewed, highlighting their regulation.
    • Signaling pathways influencing endothelial barrier function and vascular permeability are discussed.

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    Impact:

    • Provides a comprehensive overview for researchers and clinicians.
    • Highlights targets for therapeutic interventions in vascular permeability disorders.
    • Enhances understanding of leukocyte migration and molecular transport in health and disease.