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Related Concept Videos

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Autoxidation of Ethers to Peroxides and Hydroperoxides

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Ethers represent a class of chemical compounds that become more dangerous with prolonged storage because they tend to form explosive peroxides when standing in the air. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly oxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Peroxisomes01:24

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Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Control of oxygen release from peroxides using polymers.

Hilde Steg1, Arina T Buizer, Willem Woudstra

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering (FB40), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.

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|July 10, 2015
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Oxygen-releasing materials improve cell survival in tissue engineering. However, polymers like poly(D,L-lactic acid) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) released cytotoxic hydrogen peroxide, requiring catalase for cell growth.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Therapy

Background:

  • Cell therapy faces limitations due to initial hypoxia in engineered tissues.
  • Implanted 3D cell-seeded constructs often suffer cell death, hindering regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate oxygen-releasing materials for enhanced cell survival and growth in tissue engineering.
  • To investigate the suitability of specific polymers for controlled oxygen release.

Main Methods:

  • Calcium peroxide (CaO2) was incorporated into poly(D,L-lactic acid) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) matrices.
  • Oxygen release profiles and cytotoxicity of composites were assessed using human mesenchymal stromal cells.
  • The role of catalase in mitigating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) effects was studied.

Main Results:

  • Oxygen-releasing composites exhibited initial burst release of oxygen.
  • Human mesenchymal stromal cells required catalase supplementation, indicating cytotoxic H2O2 production.
  • Poly(D,L-lactic acid) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) showed limitations for sustained oxygen delivery.

Conclusions:

  • While CaO2-based materials can provide oxygen, careful polymer selection is crucial for controlled release.
  • The intermediate production of cytotoxic H2O2 necessitates strategies like catalase addition for safe application.
  • Further development is needed to optimize oxygen-releasing systems for effective tissue regeneration.