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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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After cellular or tissue damage, the resident stem cells present in the human body can locally repair and regenerate the damaged tissue or organ. However, even though some tissues do not have stem cells, they can repair and regenerate with the help of pre-existing cells. For example, beta cells of the pancreas and hepatocytes of the liver can divide to renew and regenerate the tissue. Here, both cell division and cell death are well regulated by homeostasis.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters
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Using stem cells to produce insulin.

Bernat Soria1,2, Benoit R Gauthier1, Franz Martín1,2

  • 1a 1 CABIMER, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine , Avda. Americo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Seville, Spain bernat.soria@cabimer.es ; karim.hmadcha@cabimer.es.

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Generating insulin-producing cells from stem cells shows promise for diabetes therapy. Clinical trials are underway, but challenges remain before widespread application for beta-cell replacement.

Keywords:
cell differentiationdiabetesislet developmentpancreatic organogenesispluripotent stem cellsβ-cell

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Significant advancements in generating insulin-producing cells from pluripotent stem cells.
  • ViaCyte's clinical trial utilizes pancreatic progenitors for in-vivo maturation into functional cells.
  • This approach offers a potential limitless supply of beta-cells for diabetes mellitus reversal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review decades of progress in generating insulin-producing cells.
  • To summarize current state-of-the-art methods for beta-cell replacement therapies.
  • To discuss alternative strategies for obtaining new insulin-producing cell sources.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of historical accomplishments in beta-cell generation.
  • Summarization of embryonic stem cell differentiation protocols.
  • Discussion of alternative cell sourcing strategies.

Main Results:

  • Refined protocols have led to successful clinical trials.
  • Stem cell differentiation yields glucose-responsive, insulin-producing cells in vitro.
  • Progress indicates a new era for diabetes treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Recent developments signal a transformative period in diabetes therapy.
  • Significant hurdles must be overcome for clinical translation.
  • Public-private partnerships are crucial for developing safe and functional beta-cell surrogates.