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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
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Communication: structural interconversions between principal clathrate hydrate structures.

Shuai Liang1, Peter G Kusalik2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|July 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular simulations reveal mechanisms for gas clathrate hydrate structural interconversions. A specific cage structure facilitates transitions between sI and sH phases, while sII can form directly on sH templates.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Physics
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Gas clathrate hydrates exhibit common crystalline structures (sI, sII, sH).
  • The molecular mechanisms driving structural interconversions between these phases are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate potential molecular mechanisms for structural interconversions between gas clathrate hydrate phases (sI, sII, sH).
  • To investigate the cross-nucleation of different methane hydrate phases using molecular simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized molecular simulations to observe the cross-nucleation of methane hydrate phases.
  • Analyzed the structural pathways of hydrate phase interconversions.

Main Results:

  • Identified a 4(1)5(10)6(2) cage as an intermediate in the sI to sH structural interconversion.
  • Observed direct formation of a sII crystal on a sH template.

Conclusions:

  • Proposed potential mechanisms for sI ↔ sH and sII → sH structural interconversions in gas clathrates.
  • Highlighted the diversity of clathrate hydrate phases and their tetrahedrally hydrogen-bonded structures.