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Related Concept Videos

Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

4.4K
Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...
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Instrumentation Amplifier01:25

Instrumentation Amplifier

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An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation01:25

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation

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Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.
2.6K
Assessment of apical pulse01:17

Assessment of apical pulse

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Assessing the Apical Pulse
Assessing the apical pulse is a critical nursing procedure, particularly indicated for:
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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments01:30

Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments

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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over...
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Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure01:30

Equipments Used To Measure Blood Pressure

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Direct Method
This invasive approach involves cannulating a peripheral artery. During each cardiac contraction, pressure generates mechanical motion within the catheter, transmitted through rigid, fluid-filled tubing to a transducer. This transducer converts mechanical motion into electrical signals displayed as waveforms on a monitor. An automatic flushing system prevents blood backflow. Due to the potential risk of unexpected arterial blood loss, this method is primarily used in intensive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Electrically Evoked Stapedius Reflex Measurements in Cochlear Implantation and Its Application in the Postoperative Fitting Process
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The electronic stethoscope.

Shuang Leng1, Ru San Tan2,3, Kevin Tshun Chuan Chai4

  • 1National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169609, Singapore. leng.shuang@nhcs.com.sg.

Biomedical Engineering Online
|July 11, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computer-aided auscultation using electronic stethoscopes offers a new approach to diagnosing heart disease. This technology analyzes heart sounds for early detection of cardiac dysfunction, aiding medical professionals.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cardiology
  • Artificial Intelligence in Medicine

Background:

  • Heart diseases are often indicated by abnormal heart sounds.
  • Traditional heart auscultation requires significant clinical expertise.
  • Electronic stethoscopes enable advanced computer-aided auscultation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an in-depth study of electronic stethoscope technology.
  • To explore methodologies for diagnosing cardiac disorders using computer-aided auscultation.
  • To establish the basis for developing integrated heart sound analysis systems.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review.
  • Analysis of state-of-the-art electronic stethoscope products.
  • Evaluation of smartphone stethoscope applications.
  • Review of system components: sensor design, circuitry, denoising, segmentation, and machine learning.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of electronic stethoscope technology and computer-aided diagnostic methods.
  • Identification of key components and techniques in heart sound analysis systems.
  • Synthesis of information from academic literature, commercial products, and mobile applications.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a technological and medical foundation for real-time heart sound analysis systems.
  • It aims to benefit researchers, engineers, and clinicians in the field of cardiac diagnostics.
  • Facilitates the clinical application and commercialization of advanced auscultation tools.