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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Chitosan/Interfering RNA Nanoparticle Mediated Gene Silencing in Disease Vector Mosquito Larvae
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Enteric Viral Surrogate Reduction by Chitosan.

Robert Davis1, Svetlana Zivanovic1, P Michael Davidson1

  • 1Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, 2605 River Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.

Food and Environmental Virology
|July 12, 2015
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Summary

Chitosan effectively reduced enteric viral surrogates like feline calicivirus and MS2 bacteriophage in food safety applications. However, higher molecular weight chitosan showed greater efficacy, particularly against MS2, suggesting its potential as a foodborne virus control agent.

Keywords:
AntiviralChitosanEnteric virusHuman norovirus

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science and Technology
  • Microbiology
  • Biopolymer Applications

Background:

  • Enteric viruses, particularly human noroviruses, pose a significant threat to the food industry, causing widespread nonbacterial gastroenteritis.
  • Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, has demonstrated antiviral properties against certain enteric viral surrogates, but specific application parameters require further investigation.
  • Understanding chitosan's efficacy against a range of cultivable viral surrogates is crucial for developing effective food safety strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of varying chitosan concentrations (0.7-1.5% w/v) on the infectivity of key enteric viral surrogates.
  • To compare the antiviral efficacy of two different chitosan molecular weights (53 kDa and 222 kDa) against feline calicivirus (FCV-F9), murine norovirus (MNV-1), and bacteriophages MS2 and phiX174.
  • To determine optimal conditions for chitosan application in reducing viral load in a food-relevant context.

Main Methods:

  • Two types of chitosan (53 kDa and 222 kDa) were prepared at concentrations ranging from 0.7% to 1.5% (w/v) in water or 1% acetic acid.
  • Viral surrogates (FCV-F9, MNV-1, MS2, phiX174) were mixed with chitosan solutions to achieve an initial titer of approximately 5 log plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL.
  • Mixtures were incubated for 3 hours at 37 °C, followed by plaque assays to quantify viral reduction compared to untreated controls.

Main Results:

  • The 53 kDa chitosan demonstrated reductions of 2.6-2.9 log PFU/mL for FCV-F9 and 2.6-2.8 log PFU/mL for MS2.
  • The 222 kDa chitosan exhibited greater efficacy, reducing MS2 by up to 5.2 log PFU/mL and FCV-F9 by 2.2-2.4 log PFU/mL.
  • Overall, chitosan treatments were most effective against MS2, followed by FCV-F9, phiX174, and MNV-1, with the higher molecular weight chitosan showing superior performance.

Conclusions:

  • Chitosan, particularly the 222 kDa variant at specific concentrations and pH conditions, can significantly reduce the infectivity of enteric viral surrogates in vitro.
  • These findings suggest chitosan's potential as a component in multi-hurdle strategies for mitigating foodborne viral contamination.
  • Further research is needed to validate these results in complex food matrices and explore synergistic effects with other control measures.