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Related Concept Videos

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Improved 3D Hydrogel Cultures of Primary Glial Cells for In Vitro Modelling of Neuroinflammation
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Hydrogen Sulfide and Neuroinflammation.

Kotaro Kida1, Fumito Ichinose

  • 1Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|July 12, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at low levels shows anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in the central nervous system (CNS). This review discusses H2S

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The central nervous system (CNS) is affected by pathologies involving both innate and adaptive immune responses.
  • Neuroinflammation, involving microglia, astrocytes, and macrophages, contributes to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
  • While high hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels are toxic to the CNS, physiological levels may offer protective benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
  • To specifically focus on the impact of H2S in neuroinflammation associated with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on H2S, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration.

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  • Analysis of experimental data regarding the effects of H2S on CNS pathologies.
  • Focus on studies investigating H2S in the context of Parkinson's disease.

    • Main Results:

    • Low, physiological concentrations of H2S demonstrate anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties within the CNS.
    • H2S plays a significant role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes.
    • Evidence suggests H2S influences the progression of neurodegenerative conditions.

    Conclusions:

    • Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) holds potential therapeutic value for CNS disorders characterized by neuroinflammation.
    • Further research into H2S mechanisms in neurodegeneration, particularly Parkinson's disease, is warranted.
    • Targeting H2S pathways could offer novel strategies for treating CNS pathologies.