Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Carbon Skeletons01:12

Carbon Skeletons

116.8K
Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...
116.8K
Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

Introduction to the Skeletal System

10.8K
The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
Cartilage, a semi-rigid connective tissue found in regions such as...
10.8K
What is the Skeletal System?01:02

What is the Skeletal System?

59.1K
Overview
59.1K
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

13.6K
The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
13.6K
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

8.7K
Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
8.7K
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

53.1K
Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
53.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Recurrent small variants in NESP55/NESPAS associated with broad GNAS methylation defects and pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B.

JCI insight·2024
Same author

Goal-directed osteoporosis treatment: ASBMR/BHOF task force position statement 2024.

Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research·2024
Same author

Setrusumab for the treatment of osteogenesis imperfecta: 12-month results from the phase 2b asteroid study.

Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research·2024
Same author

Efficacy of Burosumab in Adults with X-linked Hypophosphatemia (XLH): A Post Hoc Subgroup Analysis of a Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study.

Calcified tissue international·2022
Same author

Burosumab treatment in adults with X-linked hypophosphataemia: 96-week patient-reported outcomes and ambulatory function from a randomised phase 3 trial and open-label extension.

RMD open·2021
Same author

High-throughput Molecular Analysis of Pseudohypoparathyroidism 1b Patients Reveals Novel Genetic and Epigenetic Defects.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism·2021
Same journal

Family matters? A Systematic review of interventions addressing family-level mechanisms in the treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity.

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders·2026
Same journal

What is measured and what is estimated in body composition? A clarification framework for terminology and interpretation.

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders·2026
Same journal

Unveiling the role of aldosterone in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders·2026
Same journal

Prenatal and postnatal maternal obesity and their associations with child nutrition and weight outcomes: A systematic review.

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders·2026
Same journal

Correction: Overcoming the barriers in the screening, diagnosis, and follow-up of patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders·2026
Same journal

An elusive link between blood measures of advanced glycation end products and their receptors and cognitive impairment syndromes in people with diabetes: A scoping review.

Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data
11:09

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data

Published on: February 25, 2021

4.0K

The dynamic skeleton.

Anda Gonciulea1, Suzanne Jan de Beur

  • 1Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
|July 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The skeleton is an endocrine organ, regulating processes beyond locomotion and calcium balance. Key pathways like Wnt/β-catenin and FGF23 highlight its role in bone formation, phosphate, energy, and glucose homeostasis.

More Related Videos

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
09:32

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

10.4K
Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping
09:41

Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping

Published on: April 21, 2023

2.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 7, 2026

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data
11:09

Construction of a Realistic, Whole-Body, Three-Dimensional Equine Skeletal Model using Computed Tomography Data

Published on: February 25, 2021

4.0K
Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
09:32

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

10.4K
Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping
09:41

Estimation of Contact Regions Between Hands and Objects During Human Multi-Digit Grasping

Published on: April 21, 2023

2.4K

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Metabolic Regulation

Background:

  • The skeleton's traditional roles in locomotion and calcium balance are well-established.
  • Emerging research reveals the skeleton functions as a critical endocrine organ.
  • Bone remodeling involves complex, synchronized cellular activities and crosstalk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the endocrine functions of the skeleton.
  • To discuss key pathways involved in bone's endocrine roles, including Wnt/β-catenin, FGF23, and osteocalcin.
  • To explore the implications for human bone disorders and therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of endocrine pathways in the skeleton.
  • Analysis of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in bone formation.
  • Examination of FGF23 in phosphate homeostasis and osteocalcin in metabolic regulation.

Main Results:

  • The skeleton actively participates in regulating phosphate, energy, and glucose homeostasis.
  • The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is crucial for bone formation.
  • FGF23 and osteocalcin are key hormones secreted by bone cells with systemic effects.

Conclusions:

  • The skeleton is a dynamic endocrine organ, not just a target tissue.
  • Understanding these pathways offers new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for bone disorders.
  • This reframes the skeleton's role in overall systemic health and metabolism.