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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

175
Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

149
Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
149
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Related Experiment Video

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Pre-Chiasmatic, Single Injection of Autologous Blood to Induce Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a Rat Model
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Delayed Hypersensitive Process in Subacute Subdural Hematoma.

Zhiqiang Tao1, Shenghong Ding, Maotong Hu

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Yiwu Central Hospital, Wengzhou Medical College, Yiwu, China.

The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
|July 13, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Subacute subdural hematoma (sASDH) may develop from acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) via an inflammatory process. This T-lymphocyte-mediated reaction, treated with dexamethasone, suggests a delayed hypersensitivity response.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pathology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Subdural hematoma (SDH) is a critical neurosurgical condition.
  • The evolution of acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) into subacute subdural hematoma (sASDH) is not well-understood.
  • Inflammatory processes are implicated in chronic subdural hemorrhage (CSDH) but not previously described in the evolution of ASDH to sASDH.

Observation:

  • Two patients with sASDH were analyzed.
  • The first patient received conservative treatment, including dexamethasone (DXM), with a positive clinical outcome.
  • Pathologic examination of the neomembrane in the second patient revealed significant inflammatory infiltration, including T-lymphocytes and neutrophils.

Findings:

  • The study suggests a T-lymphocyte-mediated, delayed hypersensitivity reaction as the mechanism for ASDH evolving into sASDH.
  • This inflammatory process appears to be triggered by undissolved blood clots.
  • The evolution typically begins after the first week and peaks by the second week of the clinical course.

Implications:

  • Dexamethasone may be a potential therapeutic option for sASDH.
  • Understanding this inflammatory pathway could lead to novel treatment strategies for SDH.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms and optimize management of sASDH.