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Structural Dynamics of Tropical Moist Forest Gaps.

Maria O Hunter1, Michael Keller2, Douglas Morton3

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Tropical forest turnover is dominated by gap dynamics. Airborne lidar reveals over twice as much gap area in Tapajos National Forest compared to Ducke Reserve, with differences in gap closure and mortality rates.

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Area of Science:

  • Tropical ecology
  • Forestry
  • Remote sensing

Background:

  • Gap phase dynamics are the primary driver of forest turnover in tropical ecosystems.
  • Studying these fine-scale gap processes across large landscapes has been challenging.
  • Airborne lidar provides detailed 3D forest structure data for landscape-scale analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a lidar-consistent definition of forest gaps for tropical forests.
  • To analyze and compare gap dynamics at two distinct sites in the Brazilian Amazon using multi-temporal lidar data.
  • To investigate the influence of gap size, mortality, and ingrowth on gap closure rates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized multi-temporal airborne lidar data (2008, 2012) covering 1000 ha at Tapajos National Forest and Ducke Reserve.
  • Defined dynamic forest gaps as contiguous areas > 10 m² with height < 10 m.
  • Quantified gap area, closure rates (height gain), height loss (mortality), and horizontal ingrowth.

Main Results:

  • Tapajos National Forest exhibited over twice the gap area (4.8%) compared to Ducke Reserve (2.0%).
  • Gaps at Ducke Reserve were smaller and closed faster (1.2 m/yr) than at Tapajos (1.1 m/yr).
  • Height loss (mortality) was a more significant factor in gap dynamics at Tapajos (23%) than at Ducke Reserve (13%).

Conclusions:

  • Airborne lidar enables landscape-scale characterization of tropical forest gap dynamics.
  • Significant spatial variation exists in gap dynamics between the two studied Amazonian forest sites.
  • Gap contagiousness was limited at both sites, with mortality risk only slightly elevated near existing gaps.